brain & heart

brain synonyms, brain pronunciation, brain translation, English dictionary definition of brain. The retina, before birth, contains special mechanisms that cause it to generate waves of activity that originate spontaneously at a random point and then propagate slowly across the retinal layer. A prion disease called kuru has been traced to this. De plaats maakt deel uit van het arrondissement Montbard. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glued to the scalp as in EEG studies, or implanted inside the brains of animals for extracellular recordings, which can detect action potentials generated by individual neurons. In the first stages of development, each axon from the retina is guided to the right general vicinity in the midbrain by chemical cues, but then branches very profusely and makes initial contact with a wide swath of midbrain neurons. [97], Most organisms studied to date utilize a reward–punishment mechanism: for instance, worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers. The brain is also divided into several lobes: Reflecting the new understanding, in 1942 Charles Sherrington visualized the workings of the brain waking from sleep: The great topmost sheet of the mass, that where hardly a light had twinkled or moved, becomes now a sparkling field of rhythmic flashing points with trains of traveling sparks hurrying hither and thither. Brain Divisions . Serotonin, for example—the primary target of many antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the raphe nuclei. The brain is made up of many specialized areas that work together: It controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. Considering the entire brain, thousands of genes create products that influence axonal pathfinding. At about the same time, the hindbrain splits into the metencephalon (which will contain the cerebellum and pons) and the myelencephalon (which will contain the medulla oblongata). Some general anesthetics act by reducing the effects of glutamate; most tranquilizers exert their sedative effects by enhancing the effects of GABA. The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. Brain games. In the first half of the 20th century, advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells, culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and others on the biophysics of the action potential, and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse. Predators tend to have larger brains than their prey, relative to body size. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion in the heart, and lust near the liver. The forebrain is the division of the brain that is responsible for a variety of functions including receiving and processing sensory information, thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language, and controlling motor function. [100] Until 1970, however, experimental evidence to support the synaptic plasticity hypothesis was lacking. Animal brains are used as food in numerous cuisines. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. Rewards and punishments function by altering the relationship between the inputs that the basal ganglia receive and the decision-signals that are emitted. Without such a stain, brain tissue under a microscope appears as an impenetrable tangle of protoplasmic fibers, in which it is impossible to determine any structure. Some of the outputs also go to the pituitary gland, a tiny gland attached to the brain directly underneath the hypothalamus. Next it combines the processed information with information about the current needs of the animal and with memory of past circumstances. Dolphins have values higher than those of primates other than humans,[54] but nearly all other mammals have EQ values that are substantially lower. [58] The prefrontal cortex carries out functions that include planning, working memory, motivation, attention, and executive control. The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to specific target cells over long distances. Test en train je brein online met onze brain games en hersenkrakers. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave.[119]. Some neurons emit action potentials constantly, at rates of 10–100 per second, usually in irregular patterns; other neurons are quiet most of the time, but occasionally emit a burst of action potentials. In a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 14–16 billion neurons, and the estimated number of neurons in the cerebellum is 55–70 billion. Structure descriptions were written by Levi Gadye and Alexis Wnuk and Jane Roskams . In humans, the brain also controls our use of language, and is capable of abstract thought. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and their components, especially synapses. [60], For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. The computational functions of the brain are studied both by computer scientists and neuroscientists.[117]. Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. [83], Information from the sense organs is collected in the brain. Levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin drop during slow wave sleep, and fall almost to zero during REM sleep; levels of acetylcholine show the reverse pattern. Copy and Paste It is now possible with relative ease to "knock out" or mutate a wide variety of genes, and then examine the effects on brain function. This information is exploited in the midbrain by a mechanism that causes synapses to weaken, and eventually vanish, if activity in an axon is not followed by activity of the target cell. • The cerebellum is at the base and the back of the brain. The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. In other animals additional senses are present, such as the infrared heat-sense of snakes, the magnetic field sense of some birds, or the electric field sense mainly seen in aquatic animals.

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