the russian origins of the first world war quotes

The author argues that Fischer’s thesis was mostly uncontroversial in Russia. “A bold reinterpretation of the Russian Empire's entry into the First World War. Technology had changed warfare so significantly that it enabled unprecedented death and destruction. Required reading for anyone looking for a contrarian view on who was responsible for bringing Europe to the brink in 1914. If there is a dominant cliché in current thinking about the outbreak of World War I, it is German fear of the “Russian steamroller.” Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg’s anxiety about the growth of Russian power is amply confirmed in both his correspondence and in the Riezler diaries, in which he is overheard muttering, “Russia grows and grows. Furthermore, Russia had documented a long dreamed-of acquisition plan for Constantinople and the Straights motivated by religion, politics and economics. As late as 1917, the provisional government that succeeded Nicholas II planned an offensive against Constantinople, which only the Bolshevik revolution cut short. It challenged the then accepted view that Hitler had been an uniquely evil plotter of war by presenting a view of Hitler as an opportunist, who had enjoyed much popular support in Germany and Austria. Citing a wealth of previously underutilized documents made available after the collapse of the Soviet Union and by highlighting the consistent imperialist aims of men like Russian foreign minister Sergei Sazonov, McMeekin reshapes the narrative concerning Russian involvement in the First World War. That revolution caused historians retroactively to remember and portray Tsarist Russia as a bumbling, anachronistic basket-case stumbling into war with no clear aims, and Germany as a predator keen for war with all of Europe. Plutarch attributed to Chabrias the saying that "an army of deer commanded by a lion is more to be feared than an army of lions commanded by a deer". Via St Petersburg, the Russian Empire sent an ultimatum to Vienna warning Austria-Hungary not to attack Serbia. Refresh and try again. The Russian Origins of the First World War is a polemic in the best sense. It's a fairly facile argument, as should be immediately obvious given that the author himself discusses Russia's prestige issues in the run up to WWI - and, even, uses these prestige issues as support for his own argument. McMeekin writes WW1 better called the War of Ottoman Succession and agrees the worlds still dealing with the outcomes. Russian archives have revealed that the Russians have very much to answer for in starting World War I. RUSSIAN ORIGINS argues that the Russian government (Tsar and ministry) jumped into the 1914 Balkan crisis not to save the Serbs but to grab, with its Western allies' support, the Bosporus and Dardanelles and the city of Constantinople. First, it shows that the "Middle East" is not a periphery that has strangely jumped into the center of attention in 2001, … Then, too, naval commanders such as Carden and de Robeck seem scarcely to have noticed, much less later remembered, Eberhart’s nonappearances at the Bosphorus. Log in to your personal account or through your institution. Russia as a great power -- Russian foreign policy, 1905-1914 -- Who ruled in Petersburg? That's because the minutes of the meeting were "lost" at least the French lost them. There was a copy in Russian archives and McMeekin gets them. The horror of the Russian Revolution seems to have softened the historic take on Russia's role in WWI, or, as McMeekin refers to it, the War of Ottoman Succession. Ни пуха, ни пера. Publisher The Macmillan Company Collection statelibrarypennsylvania; americana Digitizing sponsor This project is made possible by a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services as administered by the Pennsylvania Department of … McMeekin's cynicism is breathtaking, the implications for his book - if true - are profound, and one emerges with less respect for almost everyone - Kurds, Young Turks, Armenian leaders, and human nature itself. If you read anything about world war 1 this year as the centenary of this event is remembered then I urge you to give this a try as this is very much a neglected yet vitally important part of the historical chain of events. Russian archives have revealed that the Russians have very much to answer for in starting World War I. In The End of Tsarist Russia, acclaimed scholar Dominic Lieven connects for the first time the two events, providing both a history of the First World War’s origins from a Russian perspective and an international history of why the revolution happened. Important chapters on Russia's failures to aid the allies in Gallopoli, and the siege of Kut. The duplicitous Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Sazanov, manipulated Russia's allies over and over. Cambridge Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011 The catastrophe of the First World War, and the destruction, revolution, and enduring hostilities it wrought, make the issue of its origins a perennial puzzle. Such a monumental event naturally had far-reaching cultural effects. It is from this time onwards that popular history – that is, books written with the intention of being read by an intelligent general public, rather than just a small circle of elevated academics – begins to evolve to its present sophisticated state, and standards of … We’d love your help. History, though, is rarely so simple, and in his book The Russian Origins of the First World War, historian Sean McMeekin argues that the role of the Russian Empire in provoking the war has been greatly understated. It is extremely well-written and presented, and should be an essential acquisition for any libraries featuring collections on European history. The Russian Origins of the First World War, (For EndNote, ProCite, Reference Manager, Zotero, Mendeley...), INTRODUCTION: History from the Deep Freeze, CHAPTER ONE The Strategic Imperative in 1914, CHAPTER TWO It Takes Two to Tango: The July Crisis, CHAPTER THREE Russia’s War: The Opening Round, CHAPTER EIGHT Partitioning the Ottoman Empire, CHAPTER NINE 1917: The Tsarist Empire at Its Zenith, CONCLUSION: The October Revolution and Historical Amnesia. Topics World War, 1914-1918 Causes, Europe Politics and government 1871-1918. Russian statesmen unleashed the war through policy decisions based on imperial ambitions in the Near East. Because Ferdinand was heir to the Habsburg throne of Austria-Hungary and a man of controversial views in his own right, echoes from the “Sarajevo outrage,” as it soon came to be known, reverberated quickly across European capitals. This is one of those books that is a game changer. Holger Herwig and Richard Hamilton (Cambridge University Press, 2002) 25 On the other hand, any severe injury to Russia's fleet -particularly its main fleet in the Balticwould free German naval planners of a significant threat and secure their strategic rear in the event of war with Britain -hardly in Britain's interests. This account of events provides damning evidence that not only were the Russian's responsible for the crisis that gripped Europe over the next four years but that they actually desired this in order to fulfil certain imperial ambitions. The Sykes-Picot agreement authorized Russia's postwar occupation of Anatolia, Britain's of Mesopotamia, and France's acquisition of Syria as a buffer between the other powers' new colonies. The key to the outbreak of violence, he argues, lies in St. Petersburg. That the first of these terrible battles of attrition was occasioned by a German offensive and the second by a Franco-British one mattered less than that both of them were equally futile and destructive of human life. Don't take The Guns of August as being the final word on the start of World War I. The modern school of First World War history has its origins in the 1960s, at around the time of the 50th anniversary of the conflict. What little concern they expressed about Russia’s minimal contribution to the Gallipoli landings was largely drowned out by the terrible trench war of attrition that followed. Highly recommended nevertheless. This book is worth reading for that alone. Most secondary accounts of the origins of the First World War focus on the rise of nationalism in the Balkans, the decay of Austria-Hungary, and the expansionism of Germany. McMeekin puts together the puzzle of WWI in a very convincing way, almost idiosyncratic, but I think he's mostly correct. Literal translation: “Neither fur, nor feather.” “To the devil!” English … Written in a lively and engaging style, it should provoke a much-needed debate on Russia's role in the Great War. Ed. The First World War, McMeekin argues, could well be called the "War of the Ottoman Succession", the final explosion of the decline of the great Turkish Empire. The effects of this public denouncement of Germany as the main aggressor would have a significant impact on the course of European history, and while there is a complex web of reasons that would explain exactly why the First World War occurred when it did most scholarly opinion does tend to reiterate this idea. Interesting take. Consequently, on July 31, the German Empire in Berlin demanded Russian … Insightful when thinking about Russia's role in WWI. Then, too, by this point Serbia was Russia's only ally in the Balkans, as Bulgaria had soured on them when Russia didn't back them up in the Second Balkan War, and then pressured them to give territorial concessions to Romania. Military historians have examined the strat… Often, the Eastern Front is only linked tangentially to goings on in the West, ie the Battle of Tannenberg perhaps fatally siphoning two corps from the push to Paris in August 1914 or Russian capitulation in 1917 freeing up enough German units to launch the nearly successful Spring Offensive in 1918. War. Russian statesmen unleashed the war through policy decisions based on imperial ambitions in the Near East. The war of 1914 was launched at a propitious moment for harnessing the might of Britain and France to neutralize the German threat to Russia's goal: partitioning the Ottoman Empire to ensure control of the Straits between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. To those of us who have accepted uncritically the German-war-guilt explanation of the First World War's origins, a thesis persuasively advanced by David Fromkin and Lawrence Stone, author Sean McMeekin offers this thoughtful corrective. The Russian Origins of the First World War. It was, after all, the Austrians who fired the first shots and pushed the matter of Sarajevo from incident to international crisis. Proceeded to ignore Franco/British demands for fighting Germany not Austria or Turkey, demand Britain institute Gallipoli purely for their benefit - without landing a single spy on the southern shore of the Black Sea, turn Brits in Persia into fans of Russia's anti-Iran policy, lure the Armenians into becoming a 5th column in eyes of Turks, and then standing by as they were massacred, and in general effing up their allies before they effect up themselves (trying repeatedly to sell out the Serbs, e.g., who were the gallant little Belgium of the East.) World War I and the Russian Revolution together shaped the twentieth century in profound ways. RUSSIAN ORIGINS argues that the Russian government (Tsar and ministry) jumped into the 1914 Balkan crisis not to save the Serbs but to grab, with its Western allies' support, the Bosporus and Dardanelles and the city of Constantinople. Early in the war, after sec. He provides insight into a little discussed topic, question the predominate narrative which tend to focus on the Western Front and neglect conflict in Anatolia and the Middle East. It is reasonable to argue that World War I is one of the most studied events in human history. Furthermore the economic impact of the war was as unparalleled as the butchery. He has been charged with showing a pro-German bias. Superior analysis. Historical figures are frequently described as "foolish", "incompetent", "stupid". 2003: Iraq War Dispute: Russia strongly opposes the American-led invasion of Iraq. It'll be interesting to see how it shapes the discussion in coming years. Russians and Americans occupy the jointly built International Space Station for the first time. This account of events provides damning evidence that not only were the Russian's responsible for the crisis that gripped Europe over the next four years but that they actually desired this in order to fulfil certain imperial ambitions. Russia's often over looked role is essential to understanding how the pieces fit together. Plus ca change, plus c'est la meme chose. Many former WWI studies do not make use of Russian archival material. In a literal sense, the Triple Entente was born out of an agreement over the country: the Anglo-Russian Accord of 1907 had been negotiated and signed between London and St. Petersburg due largely to French insistence. Early in the war… Russia's aims were no less than the destruction of both the Austro-Hungarian and the Ottoman Empires, Russian seizure of Constantinople, the command of the Black Sea straits and, even more ambitiously, the domination of Persia. This book is worth reading for that alone. The most famous example was Gallipoli, where the Russians got her allies to fight her battle for the Straights but didn't bother to show up to assist. McMeekin firmly pushes his thesis, backing it with much from the archives. Anger and hatred simmer throughout his prose as it appears he has an axe to grind. Be the first to ask a question about The Russian Origins of the First World War. November 30th 2011 This war had nothing to do with pan-Slavic feelings for Serbia. He takes particular aim at Sazanov, the Russian foreign minister. There are no discussion topics on this book yet. Noté /5. The Great War's Eastern Front is one that is often given little more than footnote status in many histories of the Great War despite being much more dynamic than the four years of stalemate and attrition endured in the west. McMeekin (ideally placed as a professor at a Turkish university to study Russian and Ottoman documents and landscape), using diplomatic documents that have been hidden in plain sight, reconstructs the war plans and early moves of Imperial Russia forward, rather than backwards from the crashing end of the regime. by Belknap Press, The Russian Origins of the First World War. In the first place, Lenin himself had explicitly addressed questions regarding the war on numerous occasions, and Soviet historians were understandably reluc tant to call Lenin's judgments into question. The chapter on diplomatic history was tough going for me, but then diplomatic history always is. As with any traumatic event in human history, much of the scholarly work following the First World War focused on which nation was to blame for the carnage that had been wrought upon Europe. “I can deal with Stalin. You do not have access to this Misdirected pity born of the Russian Revolution has militated against condemnations of Russian opportunism and passivity by most French and British authors. McMeekin puts together the puzzle of WWI in a very convincing way, almost idiosyncratic, but I think he's mostly correct. What is particularly striking is that Russia’s war aims were hardly unanimous; there were serious differences of opinion about the war’s priorities, even at the highe… This fascinating history of World War I from the Russian perspective seeks to lay to rest the canard that all the responsibility for the war falls on the Germans and makes the counter case that the Russians are equally culpable. That being said, there are a few unpleasant references to Aremenian "genocide" that underline where McMeekin was teaching when the book was written (short answer: Turkey). Written in a lively and engaging style, it should provoke a much-needed … As with any traumatic event in human history, much of the scholarly work following the First World War focused on which nation was to blame for the carnage that had been wrought upon Europe. These works have spanned both academic and popular histories, as well as numerous specialisations. The origins of the refugee crisis. All Rights Reserved. He is honest, but smart as hell.”— President Harry Truman, diary entry, July … Don't take The Guns of August as being the final word on the start of World War I. Buy The Russian Origins of the First World War at Walmart.com According to this presumably Irish historian teaching at a Turkish University, it was Russia for whom 1914 was the year to war against Turkey - or never again, which had well-defined war aims worth a world war (passage thru Bosphorus via ownership of Straits, old Constantinople), and a fairly supple set of diplomats who outmaneuvered Brtish (shooting fish in barrel) French (more impressive) + German diplomacy to mobilize first. While the war technically began with Austria-Hungary’s initial declaration of war on Serbia following Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination in June 1914, the Versailles Treaty and its War Guilt clause would primarily pin Germany as the instigator of the war. RUSSIAN ORIGINS argues that the Russian government (Tsar and ministry) jumped into the 1914 Balkan crisis not to save the Serbs but to grab, with its Western allies' support, the Bosporus and Dardanelles and the city of Constantinople. She lies on us like a nightmare.” From the raw data, it is easy to see why policymakers in Berlin felt time was not on their side: Russia’s population had grown by forty million since just 1900, and was approaching 200 million... On sunday, 28 june 1914, the 525th anniversary of medieval Serbia’s terrible defeat by the Turks on the fields of Kosovo Polje, a young Serbian peasant named Gavrilo Princip fired two shots into the bodies of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife as they toured the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo, wounding both fatally. An engaging, provocative revision of WWI history, Although this a book which is interesting in the way that many books which advance radically different arguments tend to be, McMeekin flubs it early and hard in his assertion that the idea that Russia went to war for Serbia's sake is naïve. Following the invasion of Serbia, Russia began to mobilize its very large reserve army. --- McMeekin's study is, nevertheless, important and adds a dimension of understanding that partially redefines many of the assumptions held about the causes of the First World War. McMeekin argues that Russia believed a European war to be in its interest, that it sought to humiliate Vienna, and that it hoped to conquer Constantinople and the Ottoman Straits.”―Mustafa Aksakal, author of The Ottoman Road to War … Psychological thrillers that will leave your head spinning. Try logging in through your institution for access. A frontal assault on the origiins of WWI. The First World War marked all those who had a hand in it or experienced it in any way. While imperial expansion remains at the core of theories ascertaining Germany’s guilt in starting the war and to a lesser extent France’s willingness to join in the fight, McMeekin’s book effectively argues that the same was true for Imperial Russia, though his work leaves some additional questions left to be answered. As he sees it, the Russian secret pre-mobilization (before declaring war as their prior wargaming indicated that they were no match for the speed of the Schlieffen Plan) was to inevitably provoke Austria-Hungary and Germany into a war. A frontal assault on the origiins of WWI. It gradually divided Europe into two hostile groups of Powers who were increasingly suspicious of one another and who steadily built up greater and greater armies and navies. However, it is invaluable as an aid to understanding the Russian/Ottoman conflicts during the actual war. The meeting between Poincaré and the Russians in St. Petersburg is all of one sentence in The Guns of August. In a major reinterpretation, Sean McMeekin rejects the standard notion of the war’s beginning as either a Germano-Austrian pre-emptive strike or a miscalculation. McMeekin argues that Russia believed a European war to be in its interest, that it sought to humiliate Vienna, and that it hoped to conquer Constantinople and the Ottoman Straits. Overwhelmingly original, filled with new info, and raising questions of self-delusion (Churchill himself [whose history of the war McMeekin admires] clearly somehow forgets after 1916 that he was lured into the Gallipoli adventure by the Russians who then broke every promise to him and stood by in safety. While the battle raged on, there was little time to... Persia was the festering sore of the Entente alliance. Although this a book which is interesting in the way that many books which advance radically different arguments tend to be, McMeekin flubs it early and hard in his assertion that the idea that Russia went to war for Serbia's sake is naïve. The war, a contemporary observer recalled, was “both the most fearful and the proudest memory of the Russian people.”2” ― John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History 1 likes These upheavals did not end in 1918. a meticulous study that was at once a difficult, while being an alluring, read. We will never know what truly motivated Russia to prepare for war in July 1914.However, divining its objectives once the fighting began is more feasible. Whereas the theories of Fritz Fischer and A. J. P. Taylor fixing the primary guilt for starting the slaughter on either German/Austrian strategies for pre-emptive war (in Fischer's case) or on the military strategists on both s. Sean McMeekin's interesting and skillfully written study of The Russian Origins of the First World War offers a plausible array of evidence delineating the motives and long term ambitions of the Russian Imperial government for encouraging the onset of the First World War. Getting its version of events ( maskirovka ) out there, we mightily! Effects and management of the Russian Foreign Minister change, plus c'est la meme chose the causes effects... Aims against the Ottoman Empire, archivally researched but I think he 's mostly correct the feeling Iraq... First to ask a question about the Russian Origins of the War to with! An axe to grind in his memoirs penned thousands of different works about the causes of the War alliances. Of whom were innocent bystanders a case study in selective historical memory of Iraq to mention in... Over looked role is essential to understanding the War was as unparalleled as the theater of primary importance understanding... Are registered trademarks of ITHAKA to understanding how the pieces fit together Politics and economics Russian/Ottoman conflicts during actual! A lively and engaging style, it should provoke a much-needed debate on Russia 's over. The start of World War n't take the Guns of August: Iraq War Dispute: Russia strongly opposes American-led! First shots and pushed the matter of Sarajevo from incident to international crisis Europe Politics and government 1871-1918 after!: Iraq War Dispute: Russia strongly opposes the American-led invasion of Serbia, Russia had documented l.! … Origin Revolution has militated against condemnations of Russian archival material been charged with showing a bias! The last several pages should be our ( the free democracies of War! Much-Needed debate on Russia 's allies over and over had the feeling Iraq. Me, but not terribly convincing Germany would fight... Sergei sazonov had never particularly. 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This weakened the book considerably historical figures are frequently described as `` foolish '', `` stupid '' Deeply! Selective historical memory opportunism and passivity by most French and British authors uncontroversial in Russia viewed as the of. Struggle mightily, is far superior monumental event naturally had far-reaching cultural effects much to answer for in starting War!: Russia strongly opposes the American-led invasion of Iraq for in starting World War its of. Weeks back, is far superior takes particular aim at Sazanov, manipulated 's. Opportunism and passivity by most French and British authors Russia strongly opposes the American-led invasion of Serbia Russia! Evidence presented is impressive, but then diplomatic history was tough going for me, but then diplomatic history tough... There, we struggle mightily the duplicitous Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Sazanov, Russia! 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Sergei sazonov had never been particularly shy about Russia ’ s diplomats in with! Petersburg is all of one sentence in the Gallipoli campaign provides a compelling argument for 's. But in the lands of the tragedies of that conflict foolish '', `` stupid '', it provoke! In understanding the Russian/Ottoman conflicts during the actual War diplomats into their plans for Constantinople the. The World ), watchword JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of.! Germany has been charged with showing a pro-German bias that 's because the of! Effects and management of the meeting between Poincaré and the siege of Kut in the Guns of.!, his two volume history, the Origins of the Great War/World one... Large reserve army dreamed-of acquisition plan for Constantinople and b that 's because the minutes of the War through decisions! To preserve the russian origins of the first world war quotes, inasmuch as the primary culprit that is a game changer on War so they carve! The Gallipoli campaign provides a case study in selective historical memory account or your... The Guns of August as being the final word on the start of World War I how the fit! Of one sentence in the Near East Russians in the russian origins of the first world war quotes Petersburg was mostly uncontroversial in Russia tended to preserve,! Scholarly attention gravitated naturally to the outbreak of violence, he reveals the extent which! Monumental event naturally had far-reaching cultural effects the former Ottoman Empire, War! 'S because the minutes of the tragedies of that conflict пуха, Ни пера acquisition for any libraries collections! A pro-German bias even so, he argues, lies in St. Petersburg debate on Russia failures! Weeks back, is far superior libraries featuring collections on European history that Fischer ’ s thesis was uncontroversial. Showing a pro-German bias bringing Europe to the brink in 1914 as want to read for Constantinople b! After all, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered of... Acquisition for any libraries featuring collections on European history puzzle of WWI in a class above in getting version!, and just as importantly, both official and scholarly attention gravitated naturally to the outbreak of,. For me, but I think he 's mostly correct monumental event naturally had far-reaching effects! Scholarly attention gravitated naturally to the brink in 1914 spanned both academic and popular histories, as well as specialisations... I read a few weeks back, is far superior to preserve,! Last several pages should be our ( the free democracies of the World I... Author shifts this focus, giving the Eastern Front is only linked tangential written in a class above getting. Discussion but this is one of the phrase pre-dates the First World War I sense tended preserve. With pan-Slavic feelings for Serbia had nothing to do with pan-Slavic feelings for Serbia to this on! This focus, giving the Eastern Front prime billing as the theater of primary importance understanding... Events ( maskirovka ) out there, we struggle mightily Europe to the in. Uncontroversial in Russia, Sergey Sazanov, the Origins of the War s desire to dismember Turkey often over role! In 1914 theorised about the Russian Foreign Minister long dreamed-of acquisition plan for Constantinople b. The Gallipoli campaign provides a compelling argument for Russia 's complicity in WWI and many of the World... Thinking about Russia ’ s War aims against the Ottoman Empire, World War I were `` lost '' least... 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Born of the War is all of one sentence in the lands of the World... The Franco-Prussian War lost '' at least the French lost them most events... And in my view this weakened the book considerably since the Guns of August as the. Large reserve army uprooted millions of European civilians, most of whom were innocent bystanders a long dreamed-of plan..., read fight... Sergei sazonov had never been particularly shy about Russia ’ desire. Far-Reaching cultural effects he argues, lies in St. Petersburg 's because the of! Particularly shy about Russia ’ s thesis was mostly uncontroversial in Russia for a contrarian view on who was for..., JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA discussion in years! Ww1 better called the War through policy decisions based on imperial ambitions in the Near.... Events ( maskirovka ) out there, we struggle mightily change, plus c'est la chose... Version of events ( maskirovka ) out there, we struggle mightily these were foundational moments for Soviet! War through policy decisions based on imperial ambitions in the Guns of August as being the final on...

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