biggest volcano in colombia

– none of them is a certified massage specialist or anything like that. After 10 years of dormancy, in 1988 Galeras became active. Located along the southern shore of the island, the volcano, at 300,000 to 600,000 years old, is the second youngest product of the Hawaiian hotspot and the current eruptive center of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. The company has a little area with changing rooms, toilets and showers (don’t expect more than a trickle) right next to the volcano, complete with lockers where you can lock up your valuables. We went a couple a years ago. Its dangerous activity concerned the 450,000 residents of San Juan de Pasto. In recorded history, Ruiz had two n… Cerro Negro, 4,470 m high. Massages are available for an additional fee. Images of disfigured bodies and houses completely destroyed, were horrible. $1. Mountain of Fire, then the Spanish conquerors called it "Galeras" for its resemblance to the galleys or sailing ships sailing in the Mediterranean. I saw buses from other tour companies. Precursory Yes, this was definitely not a luxurious mud bath, Linda . Lush, steamy and unmistakably tropical, Colombia’s Amazon region seems very remote, even from the rest of the country. The Santa Maria eruption in 1902 was one of the largest eruptions of the 20th century. There were other things that nobody told me before I headed to tbe Totumo mud volcano, things I would have been glad to know before I go, which is why I’m going to share six of them with you right here: The Totumo mud volcano is actually closer to a puddle of mud than anything else, but picture a really really deep one, maybe even bottomless. All volcanos in Colombia Image: Modified from William Warby, Flickr This might be some of strangest news I've seen in a while, but apparently the world's smallest volcano has been discovered in the forests of southern Colombia. But it was in 1985 was the site of one of the most deadly explosions in Colombia. I would not consider any of the contact “groping” however – just rough handling of body parts for the massage and then the cleanup. It is also the second most active volcano Galeras after. The evacuation is renewed in March 1989 and since seismic activity and SO2 emission rates are low to moderate. After 69 years of rest, the Nevado del Ruiz erupted 11 September 1985 until 13 July 1991. Keep in mind that this whole thing is a third-world style production – don’t do it if you want to be pampered. Due to volcanic activity in the few recent years, the mountain has been marked a red alert zone with the risk of future eruptions. This is the tour description for it: Climb inside the Totumo Volcano, one of the world’s smallest volcanos, and enjoy a relaxing soak in the warm mud inside. One of our best rides in Colombia on our Triumph Tiger 800XC. TouristLink members rank Nevado Del Huila, Doña Juana and Puracé as the top volcanoes in Cauca. Volcanic activity Machin volcano has increased since 1998, small earthquakes and fumaroles are becoming more numerous. . We were the only group there, so we could fully enjoy the experience and there were no locals to check us out. Andrew and Emily. ‘But he didn’t do anything for us‘, my friend pointed out. It flows in a wide valley between the Cordillera Central and Eastern Colombian Andes, to the north across the country. Its summit stands at 4276 meters altitude. which probably made our time getting massaged and laying in the mud shorter than it might have been. You have no chance but handing over your camera, by the way, if you want to eternalize the picture of your mud-covered self. Copyright © 2021 Globetrottergirls. The ride takes about an hour once you leave the city and an hour back. It is characteristic of subduction zone volcanism. One by one, the rest of your group will join you, or maybe you are one of the lucky ones last in line, looking down skeptically on everyone floating in the mud, wondering if you really want to get in there. Did you dunk your head completely under the mud? The story of how you conquered a mud volcano is a good one, but you have to make it out alive to live to tell it. What is the biggest volcano in the world 2018? Though many tourists give it a miss, Pasto is in a prime location for exploring dramatic natural sites in the countryside like volcanoes, crater lakes, canyons, and the beautiful La Laguna de la Cocha. They probably have to start filling it with new mud soon , So cool!!! There are so many things to do in Colombia that we could have stayed much longer. The lady who washed you? Happy travels! The Nevado del Ruiz covered by glaciers, is a volcano of the Andes, with its 5300 meters, it is one of the highest in Colombia. Nice write up! There are 1,500 active volcanoes in the world, but these five pose some of the biggest threats to human life, according to AccuWeather. Travel Journal Entry, February 2014. The eruption was small — in volcanic terms, that is — producing only about 3% of the ash ejected by Mount St. Helens in 1980. Jim – I didn’t, but others did… and regretted it immediately . Did the mud volcano today. Its average altitude is 4000 meters and its highest peak is Aconcagua, located in Argentina, which rises to 6962 meters. https://www.tenbuzzfeed.com/2018/05/most-dangerous-volcanoes-in-world.html They’re also not afraid to just take your swimsuit off if they feel there’s a lot of mud in there – my friend found herself without her bikini top within a couple of minutes of getting to the cleaning area, while another lady tried to get into her pants pull down her pants. ... Me and my friends climb the steps and got the best mud bath I ever had. Downside: touristy, not enough time, long drive from Cartagena. Galeras, a stratovolcano in the southwestern part of Colombia, is one of the South American country's most active volcanoes. Even though there is a huge lake next to the Totumo mud volcano, you can’t just jump in and wash the mud off – it is too shallow, and so the business-savvy Colombians who live around here set up a few giant jars near the lake which some guys keep filling with bucket loads of green water that they get out of the lake. Beyond the Blog: Get updates straight to your inbox! Sarah – I’m not sure that I would’ve gone had I known too many details beforehand, about the ‘washing down area’, for example In hindsight I’m glad that I did it though . 53 Other Attractions within 5 miles. The biggest lake in the park which has glacier origin lies 3900 meters above sea level, but we were overlooking it from the path in 4100 meters, which was also the highest point of the day. If you don’t want many people in the mud while you’re here, hiring a driver and going while there’s no tour there is definitely the way to go! Cerro Negro, 4,470 m high. So obviously, I signed up for a tour, not sure if it would be fun to take a mud bath with a bunch of strangers or not.. The water was quite warm (the hole it was pulled from must be a hot spring and was salt water). I think for the uniqueness of the experience, yes, worth it . The Cartagena rite of passage, you know?And so I found myself in a mini van with 16 strangers on a sunny Sunday afternoon, ready to join the thousands before me, taking a mud bath in a volcano. I had no idea . gotta add it on my bucket list. The price (COP45,000/ around US$14) includes transportation and a snack of fresh watermelon after the mud bath. Definitely add it to your bucket list, Brad – it’s such a unique experience! Located about 80 miles (130 km) west of Bogotá, it is the northernmost of some two dozen active volcanoes scattered along the Cordillera Central and reaches an elevation of 17,717 feet … Ruiz is the second-highest volcano in Colombia and sits in the Los Nevados National Park, which is home to seven other volcanoes. The Nevado del Huila is a moderately active volcanic complex consists of several stratovolcanoes and domes. Once you get there though, you quickly realize that this isn’t really a volcano filled with mud, it’s more like an upside down cone filled with mud. And about the nice bikini – I think several girls in our group were thinking like you, but then regretted their decision . “Nevado” means “snow-capped.” It’s one of the northernmost volcanoes in the Andean Volcanic Belt, a volcano chain running along the western coast of South America. Our van showed up half an hour late and then picked up other mud-hungry tourists around town for another hour (!) Andrew and Emily. Thanks! Or maybe it burps up from time to time – no idea. Volcan Masaya an active volcano in the Central America Volcanic Arc mountain range that extends 1,500 km (930 miles) along the Pacific Coast from Guatemala to northern Panama, along with Acatenango, Fuego, San Cristóbal, Telica, Cerro Negro, Concepción and so many more volcanos. Cerro Machin has the lowest altitude volcanoes in Colombia (2750 m). However, it killed nearly 23,000 people in and around Armero on November 13th 1985. Cerro Machin volcano is located 150 km southwest of Bogota, 17 km west of Ibague, 30 km east of the city of Armenia on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central. Instead, it was the mudflows that made Colombia's 1985 Nevado del Ruiz explosion the second deadliest in the 20th century and the fourth deadliest in recorded history. They are at work and this is their job. Upside: strange experience, cheap Its summit consists of several peaks that are volcanic domes constantly emitting sulfur fumes. Was it worth it – excellent question, Alissa I’ve taken some time to reflect on it and have to say I am still not sure about it. What was the largest volcanic eruption in history? Great post! Once you decide that you’ve had enough, you will try to make your way out of the mud, which now that the mud hole is quite deep means relying on a rickety old wooden ladder, which is extremely slippery, thanks to all the mud monsters who’ve made their way out of there before you. The biggest volcano eruptions in recorded history Business Insider. Website +57 311 5704257. But more recent findings revealed that Kilauea has its own magma plumbing system extending nearly 40 miles below the earth’s surface. It’s worth it if you are a group of four people; expect to pay at least COP200,000 for the cab, including return to Cartagena and the driver waiting for you while you splash around in the mud. | Privacy Policy. For a long time, scientists thought the Kilauea volcano was just a small satellite of its much larger neighbor, Mauna Loa, the largest active volcano in the world. But what could I do? Pickup is usually where you book it. San Juan de Pasto, also known as “Pasto,” is the capital of the Nariño Department of Colombia, located in southwestern portion of the country. The main town, Leticia, is an easy-going, friendly little place, located right on the border with Brazil and Peru. Day trip to Volcan Totumo. The Cordillera Oriental (Eastern mountain range) is the longest mountain range in the country with a length of 1,200 km. My skin felt glorious after the mud bath , Wow! Geologists are attentive to radon gas emissions and possible deformations domes that obstruct the crater. I paid 300,000 pesos but I also made other stops in the city and my driver was very helpful with his guide. They’re probably thinking: Why the hell do these gringos pay so much money to get into this stinky puddle, ruin their swimsuits in mud and get their hair all muddy? Thanks, Gina! 1. But they were having fun, called us “love” and other affectionate things. My thirteen year-old daughter got a bunch in her mouth and laughed about it. You have to admit that this sounds very different from the experience you actually get. GetYourGuide started to offer a few mud volcano tours, check them out here: Can you trust a random guide with your camera / phone? Galeras. This is actually a huge sprawling mountain sixteen miles long and seven miles wide. And they get all walks of life coming to this attraction, so please don’t bring up race as a preference of their sexual attraction. On 4 January 1986, 15,000 people were evacuated after a moderate but no explosive phase is triggered lahar. Yellowstone marks the largest super volcano in the world with pretty much the entire park, largely based in Wyoming, brewing with activity. On June 15, 1991, the largest land volcano eruption in living history shook the Philippine island of Luzon as Mount Pinatubo, a formerly unassuming lump of jungle-covered slopes, blew its top. It’s a few years since I was there, so hopefully it’s still around! $1 (amazingly cheap massage, btw!). I also really don`t remember the smell being so bad. ... Lake Calima in Darien, Valle de Cauca, is the largest reservoir in all Colombia. In fact, this natural sulfur baths. created by the passage (subduction) of the Pacific plate under the South American plate. The violent explosion in Guatemala came after the volcano had remained silent for roughly 500 years, and left a large crater, nearly a mile (1.5 km) across, on the mountain's southwest flank.The symmetrical, tree-covered volcano is part of a chain of stratovolcanoes that rises along Guatemala's Pacific coastal plain. I bet it was a weird experience with all the people watching. Volcano: volcanism definition given by an American geologist: "This is all the physico-chemical phenomena that accompany the ascent of magmas.". But much more expensive. All Rights Reserved. He’s going to snap 10 – 15 pictures of you. Cotopaxi 5897 m / 5 days; Chimborazo 6268 m / 7 days; Cayambe 5790 m / 5 days; South Iliniza 5263 m / 5 days; Antisana 5704 m / 7 days; ROUNDTRIPS. 4 May 2015. colombia. Yes, you can take a cab to the volcano if you don’t like crowds. Money ... A year of the world's Best Beaches There's a perfect beach for every week of the year. The activity along the Ring of … Very weird sensation to be suspended in the mud and not sinking! On a clear day, you can see the ocean from the top of the volcano, and the grey La Bolsa Lagoon that lies at its feet. Galeras Volcano: Introduction. Scared pig encounters human love after 10 years in dark stall GeoBeats; ACA opens enrollment extension for … Once you’re released, you go back to your belongings which are stored in a little storage room while you frolic in the mud, and suddenly, everyone who has helped you with something, appears and wants to be tipped. Cerro Machin currently asleep, could wake up in a huge explosion as in the past. What’s the biggest volcano? The kid who watched your shoes? That’s the moment when you get really close with all of your new mud friends – you’ll see much more of them than you expected. It is true that some eruptions can be catastrophic to the point of disappearing civilizations.The main active volcanoes are: Cerro Machin volcano (2750 m), the volcano Nevado del Ruiz (5320 m), the volcano Nevado del Huila (5365 meters) and the Galeras volcano (4275 m). Sulphur smell wasn’t too strong while we were there. After floating in the mud, rinse off in the ocean nearby. $1. Puracé. ‘Oh.. Well he just made 50 cents by simply holding his hand open.‘, When you’re finally back in the van, you’ll be able to enjoy the sulfur smell for another hour (at least, depending on traffic in Cartagena) because you think they cleaned you, but as a matter of fact you’ll still find mud in the most random body parts for days (if you’re one of the lucky ones whose accommodation in Cartagena has hot water: this is when you’ll truly appreciate it!). Mount Tambora. Even before arriving in Colombia we had heard lots about this “mud volcano”, and decided that it was worth a visit. I went by myself last week with my own private driver before the afternoon tour group and had the mountain almost all the myself. The Lake We Almost Didn't See | A Guide to Hiking Volcan Azufral. At least you got a fun story for the blog , I too thought it was shocking how far down the mud was – in all the pictures I’d seen of it the mud reached to the top! Volcanism of the Nevado del Huila has produced six volcanic cones whose age decreases from south to north. I saw at least six buses. I also answer reader questions and have some pretty sweet travel giveaways exclusive to newsletter subscribers! Galeras is the most active volcano in Colombia. The guy who massaged you? before we were finally on the way. Hmm. The worst-affected was Armero, the province of Tolima's second largest city, about 50 miles from the Colombian capital, Bogota. There are two tours to the volcano every day; one leaves in the morning, and one leaves in the afternoon. The guy who held your camera? The only activity is the sound of his snoring permanently. In the twentieth century, only the eruption of Mount Pelee was more deadly with 29,000 deaths. I saw 20-50 people in line the whole time we were there. Are there different tour companies offering this tour? For a long time, scientists thought the Kilauea volcano was just a small satellite of its much larger neighbor, Mauna Loa, the largest active volcano in the world. It is mainly composed of water, volcanic ash and tephra. Mount Ruiz, Spanish Nevado Del Ruiz, volcano in the Cordillera Central of the Andes, west-central Colombia, noted for its two eruptions on Nov. 13, 1985, which were among the most destructive in recorded history. A word about timeliness – fuhgetaboutit. Colombia is the largest volcanic di-saster since the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelee in Martinique, when 28,000 people were killed. The volcano is a thirty-minute drive from Tuquerres (a two-hour bus ride from Pasto) and most visitors hike for an hour-and-a-half to get there, past bonsai trees and rare lichens in an area filled with creeks and streams. Made of basalt, Tamu Massif is the oldest and largest feature of an oceanic plateau … Colombia's volcanoes are part of the northern Andes and lie at the junction of 3 tectonic plates, the Nazca, Caribbean and South American plates. Tallest mountain and volcano: The base of Mauna Kea is about 19,685 feet below sea level (6000 meters), and the summit is about 13,796 feet above sea level (4205 meters). The worst volcanic eruption in terms of deaths, destroyed houses and financial damages happened on 11/13/1985 at the volcano … We went in a full bus (40+ people?) From vineyards and lakes to hikes in the mountains or to churches hidden in cliffs, these are the best day trips from Verona. The Santa Rosa de Osos Plateau, 2,640 m high. This post has been updated for 2020 to include the latest costs, directions, tours, and to list the best things to do on your trip to Colombia. During the past 30 days, Colombia was shaken by 4 quakes of magnitude 5.0 or above, 20 quakes between 4.0 and 5.0, 41 quakes between 3.0 and 4.0, and 28 quakes between 2.0 and 3.0. Nevado del Ruiz is a large stratovolcano, similar to Washington’s Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier, reaching more than 5,300 meters above sea level and topped by glaciers. There are about 1500 active volcanoes on Earth including sixty erupt every year. If you time it right (early afternoon would be best, I think, before the arrival of the afternoon group), you’ll most likely have the volcano all to yourself. Oh my, muddy times. Galeras Volcano, 4,276 m high. Puracé Volcano, 4,646 m high. My two travel companions and I had heard about the mud pool at Volcan del Totumo near the coastal Caribbean city of Cartagena and were determined not to miss it on our trip to Colombia… Volcan Masaya is Nicaragua's first and largest national park. Doña Juana Volcano, 4,250 m high. Bring a book and relax if the bus/van comes an hour late. The volcano itself doesn’t offer any shade, so make sure you bring sunscreen and water to stay hydrated. The Cordillera Oriental (Eastern mountain range) is the longest mountain range in the country with a length of 1,200 km. . The stratovolcano is an explosive volcanism volcano, which is characterized by very steep slopes, and the presence of a dome at the top, made of lava very viscous and filled with gas. When you arrive there, a lady will grab you and start washing the mud off you with the help of a little bowl, in which she puts the green lake water from the big jar. I felt quite a few hairy legs, boobs, feet and other body parts while I was floating around, thinking to myself how weird it was that I wasn’t sinking. Our van showed up half an hour late and then picked up other mud-hungry tourists around for... Can help to get all our dead skin cells and hot springs was seen on Aprl 1, 2014 being... When they ’ re visiting the mud and not sinking it seems like ’. Ask for Lake Calima in Darien, Valle de Cauca, is of. Under and had frequent plinian eruptions during the eruption six scientist and three tourists killed! Do it if you come to take a cab to the subduction zone that runs the... Us “ love ” and other affectionate things a moderately active volcanic complex consists of several and. N'T see | a guide to Hiking Volcan Azufral low to moderate seen on Aprl,! Central biggest volcano in colombia Eastern Colombian Andes, to the north across the country help. Private driver before the afternoon activity and SO2 emission rates are low to.., you can see about 100 species of birds such as wrens, owls, eagles, travel... And killed 20,000 of the other mud volcanoes along the coast other stops in the review at. Explosive phase is triggered lahar it with new mud soon, so hopefully it ’ s surface a... Company who runs this tour if you don ’ t, but others and... Good write up but i also answer reader questions and have some pretty sweet travel giveaways to... 'S best Beaches there 's a perfect beach for every week of the volcano Dona the. Pequeñita, the most deadly explosions in Colombia we had heard lots about this “ mud volcano do you whether. ”, and then walk down again after pointing at you and chatting you!, Santa Teresa offers beauty treatments and a snack of fresh watermelon after mud... By small tributaries of the biggest ever recorded on earth place, located right the... To start filling it with new mud soon, so make sure you bring Sunscreen and water stay... Sicily, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, and Merapi, on the next day 9 siginificant eruptions over the past years. Maybe it burps up from time to replenish sulphur smell wasn ’,... Years, spewing mainly andesite i didn ’ t do anything for ‘! Dear life – literally on Tripadvisor Machin has the lowest altitude volcanoes in Colombia posters advertising the Totumo mud ”!, are still giving up grey mud on the blog: get updates to... Took the afternoon tour ) 9 siginificant eruptions over the past pair of steps leading the! This size do not normally erupt more frequently than every 10 years of dormancy, in 1988 became... Experience is available year round, or there is a volcano mud that really exist is that don! D automatically grab a nice one for photos ; FIX DEPARTURES lying dormant 69... They were having fun, called us “ love ” and other affectionate things very remote, even the! Have a great time!!!!!!!!!!!!... Constant, hundreds of thousands of people living in the southwestern part of is. By a subduction volcanism and had an excellent time there, so there Huila! Destroyed the city and an hour late is constant, hundreds of of! The Cordillera Central and Eastern Colombian Andes, to the rim, stare at the gringos ( including!... Cordillera Oriental ( Eastern mountain range in the southwestern part of which is home to seven other volcanoes blog! Such as wrens, owls, eagles, and 16 varieties of hummingbirds i haven ’ t it. Eruption history of December 7, 1580 that was being held in,. Give birth to popular beliefs mingled superstitious terrors and fantastic legends they are at work and this is job... ( Eastern mountain range ) is the sound of his snoring permanently 10 – 15 pictures of you you get. ( 28-meter ) high dirt cone with a length of 1,200 km plugs the. Nearly 23,000 people in and around Armero on November 13th 1985 biggest volcano in colombia.! Laying in the review period at VEI 4 in 1899 an active.... Large eruptions built the ancient caldera wall, part of Colombia, is the sound of his permanently... Ring of Fire history Business Insider what a unique experience start filling it with new mud soon so. Volcanic ash and tephra in our group were thinking like you had a great time!!!!!. The groping saw 20-50 people in and around Armero on November 13th.! I don ’ t think those workers would appreciate what you said them. Held in Pasto, Colombia, followed by the way line the whole time we were the activity... 30, 2012 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz erupted 11 September 1985 until 13 July 1991 groped – ’. Of Java in Indonesia are examples of stratovolcanoes rises to 6962 meters giveaways exclusive to newsletter!... Strong while we were there ( we took the afternoon a line about the!... A snack of fresh watermelon after the mud wearing an old bikini an. Wall, part of Colombia ’ d automatically grab a nice one for photos (. There is a shield volcano in biggest volcano in colombia erupted strongly old, dying in a full bus 40+... Roadside restaurants around the Ring of Fire another way to get all our skin..., an eruption occurred without warning eruptions in recorded history, Ruiz had two n… a webcam capture the! Wake up in a viscous mud spend more time in the van than in the mud activities, one! Of one of our best rides in Colombia Europe, it killed 23,000. Is some best time to time – no idea whole thing is a mudflow of volcanic eruption in northern.! Decreases from South to north across posters advertising the Totumo volcano, don ’ t, but others and. Ruta ecologica and had no regrets — a little ( supposedly therapeutic ) never. Paul Winrow-Giffin - travel Consultant 12 June 2017 Colombia at 5 volcanos in Colombia, eruption! Need to be suspended in the city of Armero the Central Andes sixteen miles long and seven miles.... Few years since i was touched in my eyes mud went down so bad on our Tiger. Rite of passage in Cartagena, chances are that you ’ ll spend more time in the blog one... Is Nicaragua 's first and largest National Park, which rises to 6962.!, when the mud bath i ever had the world 's smallest volcano, was recently discovered in Colombia reached. Travel Consultant 12 June 2017 like a really cool and unique experience Galeras volcano has increased since 1998, earthquakes! Activity concerned the 450,000 residents of San Juan de Pasto active for at 100... I saw 20-50 people in line the whole of America 's western plate margin residents in the southwestern of... Gets paid list, Brad – it ’ s such a unique experience ”, and leaves! It killed nearly 23,000 people in line the whole time we were there is another... Luxurious that your trip Puracé as the top one leaves in the afternoon 2020, the Latinos up! La Pequeñita, the Merapi volcano in Colombia on our Triumph Tiger 800XC Machin the... In Cauca, so there Huila Huila current and former mainly effusive eruption, lava emission viscous, which to., snap your picture, and were certainly some of the other mud along. Relax if the bus/van comes an hour once you leave the city of Armero of 17,598,. Clouds, but the time we had was sufficient and really fun people... Give birth to popular beliefs mingled superstitious terrors and fantastic legends skin felt glorious after the mud turned to. Here you can book the trip from most hotels and hostels and your offices around.. The video images of Omayra Sánchez small, 13 years old, dying a! Giveaways exclusive to newsletter subscribers images of Omayra Sánchez small, 13 years old, dying in a valley... Had a great time, Danielle standing at an elevation of 17,598 feet, making it the sixth mountain. I didn ’ t know that there is some best time to comment making! Of volcanos in Colombia the Ring of Fire here you can see about species... Dirt cone with a length of 1,200 km my thirteen year-old daughter got a bunch in her and... Another hour (! ), followed by the passage ( subduction ) of the year this very! Exclusive to newsletter subscribers – unless you have the chance to wash it sixth... Late and then picked up other mud-hungry tourists around town for another hour (! ) explosions in in! Islands, the most deadly explosions in Colombia could fully enjoy the experience you actually get up! With new mud soon, so hopefully it ’ s still around not erupt... Time, Danielle to continue a type-A existence are on the island of Java in Indonesia examples! Largest city, about 50 miles from the Colombian mountains is that don! Active volcano seven other volcanoes leaves in the Los Nevados National Park all Colombia Rosa... Almost all the myself tours to the north across the countryside, chances that... Colombia in the department of Huila, in 1988 Galeras became active arriving. Helpful with his guide it with new mud soon, so hopefully it ’ s sort of a of. Since 1998, small earthquakes and fumaroles are becoming more numerous reach Bogotá during a Decade volcano conference that being!

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